In recent years, researchers have developed spray deposition technology to fabricate tin oxide (SnO₂) electron transport layer (ETL) with the aim of manufacturing high-efficiency, large-area perovskite solar cell (PSC). However, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PSC based on sprayed SnO₂ ETL remains inferior to that of the spin-coated SnO₂ ETL. Herein, we demonstrate the combined use of spray deposition and genetically-engineered M13 bacteriophages to fabricate M13-SnO₂ biohybrid ETL for PSC application. The spray-deposited M13-SnO₂ ETLs exhibited mesoporous morphologies with >85% transmittance in UV-vis region. Though the use of M13-SnO₂ ETL, the sequential-deposited PSCs achieved a maximum PCE of ~22.1%. The improved performance of the PSC is attributable to the mesoporous morphology of M13-SnO₂ ETL that facilitated the phase conversion of PbI₂ into perovskite. When sprayed on large–area (~62 cm²) substrates, the M13-SnO₂ based PSCs displayed a highly consistent PCE, demonstrating the excellent scalability of spraying process. Furthermore, M13-SnO₂-based PSCs exhibited higher ambient stability compared to the SnO₂-based PSCs.

- Submission (2023.1.30).