The photovoltaic performance and scalability potential of a semitransparent perovskite solar cells (ST-PSCs) are primarily determined by the optoelectronic properties of the top transparent conducting electrode (TCE) used. Herein, we demonstrate the scalable fabrication of ST-PSC using a three-dimensional (3D) TCE consisting of (i) a sputtered amorphous indium-tin-oxide (a-ITO) film and (ii) silver (Ag) mesh subelectrodes prepared via a 3D direct-ink writing technique. At an optimized aspect ratio of 0.5, the a-ITO/Ag mesh 3D TCE exhibits a sheet resistance of < 1 Ω/□ and a transparency of ~85%. Utilizing the a-ITO/Ag mesh as a top contact, standard (0.07 cm2) and large-area (1.0 cm2) ST-PSCs achieved power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of 16.26% and 15.52%, respectively, with > 85% transmittance in the near-infrared region. Moreover, the ST-PSCs displayed superior ambient and thermal stability than the opaque PSCs due to the presence of a-ITO buffer that prevents moisture ingress and ions migration. Using ST-PSC as a top cell, the standard (0.07 cm2) and large-area (1.0 cm2) four-terminal ST-PSC/SiSC tandem cells achieved PCEs of 26.47% and 24.70%, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, our tandem cell showed the minimum efficiency roll-off among all the reported large-area tandem cells, manifesting the scalability potential of our ST-PSCs.
Highlights
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a-ITO/Ag mesh 3D TCE are fabricated using sputtering and 3D printing methods.
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Optimized a-ITO/Ag mesh 3D TCE show > 85% transmittance and < 1 Ω/□ sheet resistance.
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Semitransparent perovskite solar cell (ST-PSCs) achieves ~16.3% efficiency and > 85% NIR transparency.
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ST-PSCs exhibits outstanding ambient stability (>85% after 2000 h) and operational stability (>88% after 350 h).
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4 T perovskite/silicon tandem cells produced a PCE of 26.47% with excellent scalability.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2211285522000635